Designing Resilient, Interoperable and Cyber-Safe Systems, Engineering Security into Europe’s Future Signalling System

• Managing IP-based signalling vulnerabilities, reducing cyber exposure in IP-based ERTMS architectures through segmentation and isolation

• Designing secure-by-default ERTMS systems using simplified, hardware-separated OT models

• Cross-border interoperability, aligning cross-border governance and supplier accountability to protect interoperability.

• Software update governance, future-proofing support contracts, and upgrade models to sustain resilience over 40+ year lifecycles.